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Thanjavur Brihadeeswara Temple, Darshan Timings, History, Architecture, Deities, Festivals, Attractions, How to Reach. About Thanjavur Brihadeeswara Temple, temple architecture, Deities of the Temple, Attractions near Brihadeeswarar Temple, Festivals, Best time to Visit, How to Reach, Accommodation.

Thanjai periya kovil varalaru. Also known as Rajarajeswaram at Thanjavur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is the world's first complete granite temple and a. Thanjai Periya Kovil History in Tamil - Thanjavur Big Temple (Brihadeeswarar) History in Tamil - தஞ்சை பெரிய கோவில் ‎வரலாறு - Brihadeeswarar Temple History in Tamil.

About Thanjavur Brihadeeswara Temple

Thanjavur Brihadeeswara temple is one of the most ancient temple, situated in the city of Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu, India. Thanjavur named after the legendry asura “Tanjan”, is one of the ancient temples in India. In ancient days, Thanjavur known as “The rice bowl of Tamil Nadu,” was an important city to the ancient Cholas. It was remade by the Cholas from a collection of villages into a major temple center 1000 years ago, with the construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in the center of the city, and the city then built up around it. Thanjavur had the distinction of being specifically constructed as a religious city with the temple centermost.

Brihadeeshwara temple or the Big temple in Tanjore is the best example of excellent workmanship, grandeur and it has stood the testimony of time with its magnificent central dome which is a great attraction for one and all. The Brihadeshwar Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, was built by King Rajaraja I in the 11th century to celebrate a military victory. The temple is a tribute as well as a reflection of the power of RajaRaja Chola I. The temple is most famous due to its uniqueness as among the greatest glories of the Indian architecture. The complex that houses the main sanctum is known as the ‘Periya Kovil’. It is located amidst the fortified walls that were added to the building in the 16th century. This architectural masterpiece has been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temple is built over 29 square base and is surrounded by moat on two sides and Grand Anaicut river on the other side. The walls of the complex are adorned by beautiful paintings belonging to the Chola and Nayak period.

The Siva Lingam here is gigantic, more than 12 feet tall. The Nandi facing the sanctum is also 12 feet in height and the dwarapalaks (the guardians deities of temple) and deities around the main shrine look elegant.. The main attraction here is the huge tower above the sanctum which is about 216 feet. The tower stands tall and one can see this fabulous structure even as one enters Tanjore.

The temple architecture marvel comprises of bundles of surpries:

1. Shadow Disappears at noon: The most intersting part of this temple is the shadow of the temple, which surprisingly never falls on the ground at noon. The Brihadeshwar Temple is one of the tallest temples in the world and is so designed that the viman does not cast a shadow at noon during any part of the year.

2. First All Granite Temple: Brihadeshwar Temple is the first complete granite temple in the world. Granite is not found in the surrounding areas. It is not known where this massive granite was brought from. The absence of a granite quarry within a 100km radius of the temple require logistics of epic proportions to get the stone to the construction site. As hard as it was to find, Granite is harder to carve. Yet the great Chola wanted a the temple to be covered with the most intricately designs; unlike the pyramid which possesses extraordinary dimensions but nary an artistry.

3. Till Date its the tallest temple: The temple was built at a fair clip, completed in mere 7 years, amounting to moving and placing almost 50 tons of rock each and every day, not to forget carving and aligning it. When the Brihadeeswara temple was completed in 1003 CE, it was the tallest temple in India by an order of magnitude of 10. A thousand years later, standing at 216 feet, it is still the tallest temple in India. Atop the soaring vimaana –the tower above the main temple and a word that translates to “airplane”– is a capstone that weighs 80 tons. The best thing in the chola temples is that the tower lies over the sanctums has more elevation as compared to the towers set over the gopuram (tower) that could be found at the entrance. After dusk, when the temple is been illuminated, its topmost light over the dome seems not less than another planet glowing and coming closer to the earth. This attraction is the tallest in its line that draw thousands of people to its area.

4. Musical pillars: At the entrance of sanctum sanctorum, one can see the two idols of Ganesha in the corridor. On taping the two, you will feel the sound traveling through stone in one idol and through metal on the other. The main hall of the temple is said to have been used by the dancers and musicians performing in service of Shiva. There are some musical pillars producing different sounds when tapped.

History

The Big Temple of Tanjavore is a stunning monument that speaks oodles about the architectural mastery of the Chola era. This 212 ft (64.8 meter) towering Shiva temple is home to one of the largest Shiva Lingas of the country. A majestic Nandhi (bull), measuring a gigantic 19.4 ‘ x 8.23’ x 12’ (5.94 x 2.51 x 3.66 in meters) stands guard over the temple. This is the second largest Nandhi in India and is carved out of a single stone. Everything about this temple is big, majestic. No wonder it is referred as The Big Temple.

The Big Temple was constructed by Raja Raja Chola I, the greatest king of the Chola dynasty between AD 985 and 1014. The Chola dynasty were Shaivites. Vijayalaya Chola who envisioned “The Chola Empire” ruled around AD 850. Raja Raja Chola I was the greatest warrior and administrator in the Chola dynasty. King Raja Raja Cholan was the most successfull in expanding their empire. The Big Temple was an expression of the success of Raja Raja Chola’s empire. This temple is also called as Brahadeeswara Temple or Peruvudaiyar Kovil or Rajarajeswaram. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site known as the “Great Living Chola Temples”.

King Raja Raja Cholan had the main temple built completely with granite. It is hard to imagine how, in that age, more than 130,000 tones of granite was brought to the temple site, especially given that there is no granite quarry within a hundred kilometers of the temple site. Another stunning architectural feat is the Vimana / Shikhara – the spire atop the temple. The beautiful lotus shaped stone of the Big Temple weighs a stunning 80 tons. We can but marvel at the engineering mastermind who managed to hoist an 80 ton carved rock up a 212 feet tower back in the 11th century.

The chief architect of the temple was Kunjara Mallan Raja Raja Perunthachan. The layout of the temple is based on the principles of Vastu Shastra, the ancient Hindus science of architecture and construction and Agamas, the ancient scripts that define principles behind temple construction. The central temple site is surrounded by a rectangular boundary 885 ‘ x 450 ‘ (270 m by 140 m). The temple boundary holds many sub shrines besides the main temple and the Nandi.

The niches on three sides of the temple hold images of Shiva, Vishnu and Durga. The southern wall has sculptures of Ganesha, Vishnu with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, Lakshmi, a pair of Dvarapalas, Vishnu anugraha murti, Bhikshatana, Virabhadra, Dakshinamurti, Kalanta and Nataraja. On the west side there are images of Harihara, Ardhanarishvara, a pair of dvarapalas and two Chandrasekharas, one with and the other without halo. On the north, in the lower series, the depiction of Adhanarisvara, Gangadhara, a pair of dvarapalas, Virabhadra (with a sword and a shield), Alingana Chandrasekhara, Siva holding a Sula (spear), a pair of dvarapalas, Sarasvati, Mahishasuramardini and Bhairava. The north series shows a number of Tripurantakas repeated in each niche. In the small circular space of the top niches are present the carvings of Ganesha, Vrishabavahana, Bhikshatana, Narasimha and Varaha.

Besides these, each wall of the temple and the surrounding architecture are filled to the brim with carvings and paintings depicting the rich history of art, culture, mythology and science of the era.

Timings

6.00 a.m. – 12.30 Noon, 4.00 p.m. – 8.30 p.m.

Temple Festivals:chitharai madham – pramorsavam – 18 days festival – on the day of sathaya natchathiram people raises the flag and During chithirai nathathiram theerthavari takes place.

Aipasi – Raja raja cholan birth day function – Grand function takes place during sathya natchathiram. On that day festival happens continueously,from morning 9.00 AM to 3.00 PM.on that day swamy roaring takes place.

During aipasi month god decoration happens with full of foods,it will take place as a grand function.

Special poojas will be contected During the days of Thiruvathirai,aadipuram,karthigai.

Every pradhosha days the number of people come to temple is very huge in number.

Special function takes place at the time of Deevali ,Pongal ,and New year.

Deities of the Temple

The main deity or Moolavar of Brihadeeswarar Temple is Lord Shiva. The other deities, known to be just one step lower are on Koshta Moorthigal (outer wall) are Dakshinamurthy, Chandra and Surya, with idols in huge sizes. This temple is one of the temples that have idols of Ashtadikpaalakas (Guardians of directions) – Indra, Agni, Nirrti, Varuna, Kubera, Isana, Yama, and Vayu. Each has two 6 feet tall statues-one in past form and the other, their representation. All these statues are positioned in a separate temple as per their respective direction.

Other Structures

The main temple is surrounded by 2 walled attachments wherein the outer wall is the higher one, marking complex area of the temple. Gopuram or a huge gateway is right here. In these two walls are 1 portico, 1 barrel vaulted Gopuram with 400 pillars; 1 high wall circles it with massive Gopurams lining up towards the main temple.

Murals

The walls around the sanctum sanctorum has several frescos of Chola, representing Lord Shiva in different actions like dancing, sending white-colored elephant for taking a devotee to heaven and terminating fiend forts. After these murals were discovered, the people came to known about the journey of Saint Sundarar and Chera King to the heaven and the battle scene between Lord Shiva (Tripurantaka) and the Asuras (demon). An amazing feature of these paintings by Chola artists show even the Asura women appearing to be beautiful.

The paintings on the passage walls and in the sanctum sanctorum have suffered damage due to deposit of dust on them because of consistent exposure to the smoke from camphor burning and maps that have been there for centuries. It was around 400 years ago that some of the Chola paintings were replaced by the rulers of Tanjore Nayak. It happened for the first time in history around the world that Archaeological Survey of India used the original de-stucco process for the restoration of 16 Nayak paintings that are now collected over fiber glass boards and are placed in a separate area.

Attractions near Brihadeeswarar Temple

Thanjavur Palace

Constructed by a number of Thanjavur rulers, Thanjavur Palace is positioned quite close to Brihadeeswarar Temple. According to the historians, the foundation of this temple was laid down by Nayaks that led to its construction in the year 1550 AD. Along with exploring the temple, one can also visit the museum and the art gallery to have a look at some of the best items from the times of the royalty such as royal robes, arms and weapons, utensils, granite and bronze statues and musical instruments.

Manora Fort

Around 65 km from the city center, Manora Fort was constructed by a Maratha Ruler, Serfoji II. The reason behind the construction of the fort was to mark the British win over Napoleon Bonaparte the ‘Battle of Waterloo’. This 8-storey construction, hexagonal in shape, was constructed in 1814-15. From the top of the fort, one can enjoy some amazing views of the surroundings area. The tourism department has started boating in the region.

Saraswathi Mahal Library

Positioned inside the elegant Saraboji Palace, Saraswathi Mahal Library is that place where one can find several manuscripts in Tamil and Sanskrit. It is believed that these valuable documents are old world pieces, considered to be priceless by various historians for being a source of important information on the life of the past rulers and their works. This palace library also has a space for paintings illustrating several old cities that were in existence at the time of King Saraboji. For its wonderful collection of books and art works, this library is a must-visit.

Schwartz Church

Around 200 years old, Schwartz Church is an old cathedral that was constructed by Reverend Schwartz. Though the church does not have any distinct architecture but it offers a quite spot in spite of being located in a busy area. Today, the church is under CSI Trichy-Tanjore and organizes services early morning.

Siva Ganga Garden

Small but well-maintained Siva Ganga Garden is a popular landmark that is sandwiched between Schwartz Church and Brihadeeswarar Temple. Popular as picnic spot, the garden also comprises of a children’s play area, toy train and a pond where visitors can enjoy boating.

Festivals

The day of Ruling star or Satabhishag, every month, is considered as a day of celebration by people as this is a symbol of ruling star, the time when Raja Raja was born. The temple also becomes the venue of its annual festival that is celebrated in the month of Visaka. During this 9-day festival, the devotees make their Lord take a bath with water made fragrant from Champaka flowers.

Darshan Timings

The timings of Brihadeeshwarar temple is from 6 AM to 8.30 PM. The devotees and visitor start flocking the temple complex in queues from as early as 5 AM. As the temples is extremely crowded on Sunday, one can buy a ticket of INR 5, for special darshan.

Attractions

Noon when the shadow disappears

One of the most amazing features about the architecture is that this temple has the tallest Vimana in the world and it does not even cast a shadow in the afternoon hours, all throughout the year.

World’s first all granite temple

The Brihadeeswara temple is not only the world’s tallest temple but is also that first temple that is completely made of granite. Even the location where the temple is, shows no sign of all-granite structure, not somewhere in the nearby areas. The place from where the stone was brought is still unknown. There is no place within the radius of 100 km from where granite can brought in and thus huge logistic would have been used for moving the stone to the construction site. Not only finding granite was quite a task but also carving on granite was equally tough. Built by the Cholas rulers, the temple contains of stunning carvings.

Even today the tallest temple

The construction of the temple took around 7 years including the transportation of the stone to the temple site. It is believed the on a daily basis around 50 tons of rock was brought here, carved and then aligned for the temple’s construction. The construction was completed in 1003 CE. Even today, Brihadeeswara temple is the tallest temple in India with a height of 216 feet. The Vimana or the airplane on the temple’s top weighs around 80 tons. The temple’s prime attraction is that the temple’s tower on the altars have a high elevation in comparison to the towers that are placed on gourami at the temple’s entrance. During twilight, when the light on the temple’s top is lighted, it looks like a shining planet.

Musical Pillars

The altar at the temple’s entrance has 2 idols of Lord Ganesha. When a person taps on any of the idols, the sound thus produced travels to the other idol meandering through the stone that is at one end and metal, that is on the other. The royal musicians and dancers used to perform for Lord Shiva in the main hall. It has been noticed that the pillars of the temple produce musical sounds.

Best time to Visit

At the time of the Hindu month of Visakha or May month according to the English calendar when the annual festival of the temple is celebrated for a span of 9 days, starting from Satabhisha star day. This star is known to be the symbol of the birth star of RajaRaja and this this festival is celebrated every month on Satabhisha star day.

How to Reach

To visit all these tourist destinations in and around Tanjore, you need to know how to reach Tanjore. You can avail of the following transport options to reach Tanjore

By Air: The nearest airport is at Trichy (65 km).

By Rail:The railway junction in Tanjore is well-linked with Trichy, Chennai, Madurai and Nagore.

By Road: Tanjore is well-connected by a vast network of roads to all the prime towns and cities in Tamil Nadu and also to Kochi, Ernakulam, and Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala and Bangalore in Karnataka. Customary bus services and tourist taxis are available for you to visit the tourist destinations in and around Tanjore.

Accommodation

If you are planning a tour to Thanjavur, you can browse through our list of hotels in Thanjavur, and pick one as per your budget and desired location. Also known as Tanjore, Thanjavur is one of the most popular religious and culturally important destinations of the Tamil Nadu. To accommodate the huge influx of visitors, Thanjavur hotels are very well-equipped and offer impeccable hospitality services. The city has hotels to fit in every pocket-size and preferences.

The deity of the temple is Lord Shiva—in his dancing pose—who is called the Nataraj. The temple was built, like a fortress on the shores of a river, by the king to grace the Chola Empire. The temple is a magnificent architectural construct that will never stop surprising anyone visiting the temple. Built using over , tons of granite, this fabulous structure shows the architectural prowess and affinity of the South Indian kings.

Whenever western scientists, archaeologists were unable to decipher divine structures of Hindu temples; they conveniently blanketed it as alien technology to save their faces from the embarrassment and logical explanation.

Peruvudaiyaar Kovil — Solved Mysteries of Brihadisvara Shiv Temple, Thanjavur Tanjore Some of the enslaved colonial bots and pseudo-scientists from India who are not aware of Vedic teachings did multiple researches with western principles, only to re-tag it as unsolved mysteries. Click on the image for an enlarged view 1. Underground passages in Brihadisvara Thanjavur Tanjore feet Temple The Tanjore big temple contains more than underground passages to various places.

The underground channels also contain some secret paths that lead to various places like the Palace of RajaRaja Chola and also to other important destinations. The underground transits end to different temples and also to various places in and around Tanjore. Most of the underground passages were sealed and if the people choose the wrong passage then there are possibilities that the path might lead to mazed unexitable zones. It is widely known that this was a trap for the safety of RajaRaja Chola kingdom.

Few passages were interconnected to be used for free flow of fresh air running through lush green vegetation filled with oxygen for healthy breathing of the occupants roaming through the underground transits of the Thanjavur Tanjore temple. There was a separate elevated platform constructed for RajaRaja Chola so that he was conveniently able to do abhishek of large Shiv Ling present in Garbhagriha.

Other passages were leading to doorways of tunnels which were sources of water channelized from the fresh river water. Click on the image for an enlarged version inner view — below to top 2. The weight of the cap stone at the top of Thanjavur Tanjore weighs astonishingly 80 tons. No man built shallow structure around the world has such huge stone cap at the top of the constructed temple. The 80 tons stone was kept as a repulsive force so as to make the energy revolve around the temple perimeter and keep the place pious and divinely graceful.

The flow of energy move around and within the Vedic structure giving healthily calming, soothing and mentally composing effect to the bhakts and yogis. These Nandis are huge and carved from single stone. A Nandi of the similar scale is seen on the southern Prahara.

One can judge the size of the Nandi and its relative weight. The whole of Sri Vimana is built using granite rocks and the sculptures in them are covered by a thin layer of mortar to preserve the granite sculptures inside.

It is widely known that there were no heavy machines, cranes or any high end equipments used to lift the stone up and place it at the top of the temple. The only thing that could help achieve, the almost impossible feat, were the fleet of elephants. A massive triangular podium of half-pyramidal shaped structure was constructed that was erected adjacent to the opposite side of the massive temple. The figure below represents the construction site, explains how it was done.

Massive staircase of rollers were constructed at the base to pull 80 tons stone by fleets of elephants and men. The platform was more inclined towards ground and not so angular as seen in the representational image. It might sound miracle for all of us so called modern but materialistic beings; it was never a secret for ancient Hindus.

Painting in Thanjavur Tanjore Big temple There are lots of high quality paintings in the Tanjore big temple that explain many things about the kingdom of Chola dynasty and also the greatness of particularly, the RajaRaja Chola.

There were also depiction of contemporaneous history in the painting of Thanjavur Tanjore or Thanjai. Thanjavur has a unique place in the history of Indian painting, it is so because the paintings are splendid, beautiful and looks very fresh as if the depictions were made recently. Painters across the world are awestruck and they are still trying hard to figure out how even today these hundreds of years old Hindu paintings look so natural and novel.

Hindu Sages used natural elements for designing Vedic symbols which acted as gateways of communication. The lasting of such Vedic designs were ensured using medicinal learnings of Ayurved. Hindu Sages were intelligent and they knew that to establish divine connection with Gods, the continuous recitement of mantras should be supported by yantras that have longer recency and permanency.

The same method of Hindu Sadhus were originally replicated by Hindu Painters, who used their ancient knowledge to paint everlasting beautiful paintings. Granite stones used for the Mandir construction The granite stones are one of the strongest stones in the world. It is very difficult to carve intricate designs on the granite stones without powerful blunt devices. Granite is also very heavy so movement of huge stones from one place to another is also not possibly easy. More than , tons of granite were used to build Rajarajeshwar Thanjavur temple.

How opulent was legacy of Hindu Kings, can be known from the fact — Greek biographer stated that Nanda dynasty had a mighty military power of horse back troops, foot soldiers, battle elephants and about war horse-drawn vehicles. The reference of human and animal resource of Nanda dynasty was only for battlefront.

For constructing structures they had different pool of animal resources. Similarly, RajaRaja Chola had allocated over elephants and over horses for the construction of structures. After constructing several temples, RajaRaja Chola and his Hindu engineers mastered the art of building Mandirs from Granite stones. Cutting and carving of Granite stones for Building Shiv Temple The cutting and carving of the granite stone is very difficult, britishers after seeing Granite block temples tried to replicate the feat but failed miserably.

While mughals when saw such temples tried ways to dismantle or reconvert Hindu temples into satanic tombs and mosques — true to the terrorism legacy they got from quran and dacoit mohammed.

It was patience, selfless bhakti and love towards mother earth that made it possible. Hindu Kings were keen on protecting nature and never did any harm to the environment when they build temples.

Whenever range of trees were cut from the forests for the construction of temples, an equal and in some cases double the number of trees were planted. Even today it is not possible to carve intricate designs on the Granite stones, as shown in the Thanjavur temples.

The holes could be deeper or surfacial based on the requirement. Then wooden sticks were filled in those holes, water was poured in the holes. After a long period of time the rocks would break. And in similar manner, customized Granite blocks were cut. Secret passages in Thanjavur Tanjore Big temple A dedicated secret passage was created to connect different secret places in hidden mesh-like structure. It is decorated with distinct features depicting Vedic history of Bharat India.

While roaming through secret passages, it is impossible to come back to the starting point, as no one knows the route to reach the inter-places meshed to each other. That is the reason, most of the underground and secret passages are closed for the common public and archaeologists. What are Secret Passages of Thanjavur Tanjore : Secret Passages are closed since entrance to them is only possible when you recite right mantra to enter it. The in-roads through the secret passages lead to places which RajaRaja Chola wanted only his close confidante to know.

Thanjai Periya Kovil History In Tamil Pdf Hindi

Such places were holding keys to the treasure chest, rare scripts, calligraphs and vaults whose confidentiality were to be maintained. It will just fall on itself.

During morning or evening when the Sun is out, the shadow can be seen falling on the ground. It was constructed by the King at the height of the Chola reign to signify his bhakti, power and strength. Here are few interesting facts about this Chola temple of Thanjavur: a The original name of the deity was Rajarajeshwar. The Hindu Marathas protected it from mughal invasion, gave it the name Brihadeeshwara or the Great Ishwara. More than , tons of granite were used to built it. Meru also signifies the centre of the universe and the axis of the world.

This is undoubtedly, the first ever instance of a royal portrait. His successors survive to this day and practice the art of Vastu or Vastu Shastra. Depictions of nartakis or dancers showing eighty one of hundred and eight karanas synchronised movements of hands and feet in Bharat Natyam are carved here.

These selective karanas represented here are a part of karanas mentioned in the Natya Shastra of Rishi Bharat. These depictions are first of their kind. Each of these jewels are mentioned in detail. A total of twenty three different types of pearls, eleven varieties of diamonds and rubies are mentioned in these inscriptions.

What astounds historians is that there was not a single granite quarry in about km radius of the temple. This means that transporting these stones would have been a herculean task. But Raja Raja Cholan insisted on the use of these stones. All of these features make this Chola temple of Tanjore, a magnum opus of the opulent Chola kingdom. Tourists across India must be encouraged to visit this amazing temple.

It is wonderful structure similar to another stunning Kailasa temple architecture. Both these temples are beautiful and opulent than thousands of Taj Mahals put together — a tomb that needs repair almost every year. No such Hindu temples ever needed any repair since the time of inception. Few needed restoration post series of raids and destruction of Mughal terrorists. Time to showcase our glory to the world.

We Indians must promote such temples to restore our culture and educate Hindu youth about our affluent past. Great Integration of Music, Vedic Sound and Hindu Architecture The Only Tallest Hindu Temple Known to be at Least Years Old The temple was built within schedule, completed in record time of 7 years, amounting to moving and placing almost 50 tons of rock each and every day, not to forget carving and aligning it.

When the Brihadeeswara temple was completed in CE, it was the tallest temple in India by an order of magnitude of A thousand years later, standing at feet, it is still the tallest non-bound temple in India and world. The best thing in the Chola temples is that the tower lies over the sanctums has more elevation as compared to the towers set over the Gopuram tower that could be found at the entrance.

After dusk, when the temple is been illuminated, its topmost light over the dome seems not less than another planet glowing and coming closer to the earth.

Thanjai Periya Kovil History In Tamil Pdf 2017

This is also one of the attraction of the tallest Shiv Temple that draw thousands of people to it. At the entrance of sanctum sanctorum, one can see the two idols of Shivputra Ganesh in the corridor.

On taping the two, you will feel the sound traveling through stone in one idol and through metal on the other. The main hall of the temple was used by the devotee dancers and musicians performing bhajans to praise Bhagwan Shiv. There are some musical pillars producing different sounds when tapped. The entire Vedic structure was built in sync with sacred sounds, vibrations, geometry and mantra.

It is great integration of Vedic elements collated into one massive building.

HERMENEUTICA E APLICAO DO DIREITO CARLOS MAXIMILIANO PDF

Brihadeshwara Temple

Thanjai Periya Kovil History In Tamil Pdf Ke

The city is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the National Highways 67 , 45C , and Extn. Along with the temples, the Tamil people completed the first major irrigation network in the 11th century for agriculture, for movement of goods and to control the water flow through the urban center. Thereafter, between and CE, Cholas emerged as the dominant dynasty. In the 10th century, within the Chola empire emerged features such as the multifaceted columns with projecting square capitals.

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Mysteries Solved: Secrets of the Thanjavur (Tanjore) Brihadeeswarar Temple Built By RajaRaja Chola

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